![]() ![]() This contrasts with previous findings for other state family leave laws (most of which extend rights to unpaid leave beyond those in the FMLA), where the estimated effects are larger for college-educated and married women than for less advantaged counterparts ( Han, Ruhm and Waldfogel, 2009). 1 We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled overall maternity leave use – increasing it from an average of around 3 to 6 weeks – with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged mothers (those who are less educated, unmarried, or nonwhite) who had relatively low levels of baseline use. The analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences (DD) approach to compare pre- versus post-program implementation experiences of mothers with infants or young children – the treatment groups – to comparison groups alternatively consisting of women with older children, childless women, or new mothers in other states. Finally we investigate the medium-term impacts on mothers’ labor market outcomes – employment, work hours, and wage income. Such disparities are policy-relevant given theory and prior evidence that suggests that paid leave is likely to be beneficial for child health and development (see review in Ruhm and Waldfogel, 2012). We are also interested in examining whether PFL has reduced previous disparities in leave-taking, whereby advantaged mothers have been much more likely to use leave than their less advantaged counterparts. ![]() We study how California’s program has affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, and the extent to which these effects differ across population subgroups. ![]() However, three states have implemented paid leave programs, the first of these being California, where PFL took effect in 2004. The United States is the only advanced industrialized country without a national law providing new mothers (and often fathers) with entitlements to paid family leave (PFL) that allow them to take time off work, with wage replacement, to care for a newborn. ![]()
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